| B- and C-tubule septations
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Strands bisecting the B- and C-tubules (viewed in transverse section) of some basal bodies/kinetosomes. B-tubule septations sometimes occur along the full length of the axoneme. [Link to this definition]
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| BACK
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Dorsal (compare with ventral). [Link to this definition]
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| BACTERIA
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Prokaryotic organisms, typically used to refer to those not having photosynthetic pigments but strictly including the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). [Link to this definition]
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| BACTERIAL FLAGELLA
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Bacterial flagella are made of a stiff material, they insert into the cell and are rotated from inside the cell. Typically they are located at the poles of the cell so that the flagella on one end propel the cell in one direction and the flagella at the other end propel the cell the other way. Usually not visible. [Link to this definition]
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| BACTERIVORE
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Eats bacteria (= bactivorous) [Link to this definition]
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| BACTERIVOROUS
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Said of bacterivores. [Link to this definition]
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| Barren basal body/kinetosome
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Fully formed, having once given rise to a flagellum/cilium in an earlier developmental stage, but now nonflagellate/nonciliate; attached to the plasma membrane. These are found in the green alga Monomastix and the synurophyte Mallomonas spendens. If the developmental status of a basal body/kinetosome that is not associated with a flagellum/cilium is unknown, it should simply be referred to as nonflagellate/ nonciliate. Synonyms: non-functional basal body, non-functional kinetosome, vestigial basal body, vestigial kinetosome. [Link to this definition]
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| Basal apparatus
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Flagellar or ciliary apparatus exclusive of flagella/cilia. [Link to this definition]
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| Basal body /kinetosome
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Cylindrical structure (ca. 0.2 um diameter) found at the base of a flagellum/cilium (or by itself in the area of a flagellar apparatus/kinetid), consisting of a continuation of the nine outer axonemal doublets (A, B) but with the addition of a C-microtubule to form a triplet. Proximal end containing a cartwheel structure and sometimes B- and C-tubule septations. Basal bodies/kinetosomes, although often linked to flagella/cilia, may occur unattached to a flagellum. When unattached, they are termed barren, dormant or nascent, depending upon structure and state of development. Pairs of basal bodies/kinetosomes may be parallel, angled or antiparallel. The substructure of basal bodies/kinetosomes includes the cartwheel, lumen, and B-, C-tubule septations. Pairs of basal bodies/ kinetosomes are interconnected by connecting fibers. [Link to this definition]
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| Basal disc
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A general term describing the attachment of the stalk (q.v.) (or occasionally the entire aboral surface of the body) to a substrate in a wide range of protists. See also, Hypothallus. [Link to this definition]
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| Basket
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(1) An enclosing structure composed of loosely arranged components [spicules, costae , etc.] surrounding a cell as in some choanoflagellates and silicoflagellates; (2) a type of complex scale on the surface of some flagellates; (3) the conical array of microtubules forming a feeding apparatus in nassulid-type ciliates. The feeding apparatus in nassulid-type ciliates is also known as a "feeding basket", "cytopharyngeal basket", or "cyrtos" and is an intracellular structure with the narrow end of the conical array of microtubules pointed toward the interior of the cell. It is a dynamic structure for grasping and ingesting food particles, including filamentous algae in some species. See also, Lorica. [Link to this definition]
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| BENTHIC
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Associated with the benthos. [Link to this definition]
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| BENTHOS
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The bottom sediments of rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. [Link to this definition]
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| BICOSOECIDA
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A type of filter-feeding flagellate (Fig. **). [Link to this definition]
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| BIODISC
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Part of a process of sewage treatment, usually supports a film rich in protozoa. [Link to this definition]
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| BIOGENIC
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Produced by living organisms, hence biogenically derived macromolecules. [Link to this definition]
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| Bipartite hairs
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Filamentous appendages consisting of only a cylindrical shaft and one or more terminal filaments; characteristic of the cryptomonads. Most cryptophytes have two slightly different types of bipartite hairs: on one flagellum the hairs are relatively short and in a single row along the length of the flagellum; on the other flagellum, hairs are longer and occur in two opposite rows along the length of the flagellum. The two types of hairs may also differ in the number and length of their terminal filaments. Some cryptophytes have other arrangements of hairs. Also, the shaft bears long and short filaments in Hemiselmis but apparently lacks such filaments in the other genera. Synonyms: mastigoneme, retroneme. [Link to this definition]
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| BLACK MUD
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Reduced muds found below the surface of sediments in lakes, rivers. The blackness is caused by the occurrence of metal sulphides. This cut is through sediments around mangroves (see and air-breathing extensions of roots are visible) - the very upper surface of the mud is coloured brown by a skin of diatoms, then about 1-2 mm of light coloured sediment, then changing to black (the really dark colour is a shadow). [Link to this definition]
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| BLOOM
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Dense growths of organisms, usually algae. Typically short-lived and typically of one species. [Link to this definition]
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| BLUE GREEN
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A colour due to the photosynthetic pigments of prokaryotic algae. The bluish tinge is caused by accessory photosynthetic pigments. In this image the blue green algae are the cluster of cells slightly right of centre in the upper part of the picture. [Link to this definition]
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| BLUE GREEN ALGAE
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The only kind of alga which is prokaryotic. Some prefer the term cyanobacteria or blue-green bacteria to emphasize prokaryotic affinities. [Link to this definition]
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| BODONID
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A type of small flagellate related to trypanosomes. the posterior flagellum is typically acronematic (the tip is narrower than the remainder). With small anterior mouth used to consume bacteria. [Link to this definition]
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| BRANCHING
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A pattern in which a shaft separates into two or more branches, and the process may continue many times - like the branches of a tree (hence the term arborescent - like a tree). This is a colonial peritrich ciliate, Epistylis. [Link to this definition]
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| BRIGHT FIELD OPTICS
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A method of imaging without any contrast enhancement; usually involving Koehler illumination for best resolution. Contrast is low, so suitable for stained material and not suitable for observing most protozoa. [Link to this definition]
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| Bristle
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Siliceous elongated structure that is tucked under, and cemented to, the distal portion of a scale in the synurophyte genus Mallomonas. The term "bristle" is also widely used to describe diverse stiff hair-like appendages on cell walls and other surfaces (e.g., in some chlorococcalean algae). In ciliates it is a common name for stiff cilia of several kinds and functions. The terms "bristle" and "spine" are sometimes used as synonyms (e.g., in ciliates). Bristles of Mallomonas radiate outwards from the cell and may change their position relative to the longitudinal axis of the cell. They are streamlined when the cell is actively swimming and positioned closer to 90° at rest. Movable bristle-like components, possibly homologous to bristles of Mallomonas, also occur on the valve of the diatom Corethron. Euplotid ciliates have modified cilia known as bristles on the dorsal surface; they may be sensory. [Link to this definition]
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| BUCCAL
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Relating to mouth structures (as in buccal cilia). [Link to this definition]
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