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Alicyclobacillus - Aerobic, (endo)spore-forming, gram positive, rods. Initial species that were isolated were extremophiles (thermophilic and acidophilic), but additional species are associated with fruit spoilage. Type species: AlicycloBacillus acidocaldarius (Darland and Brock 1971) Wisotzkey et al. 1992. Reference: WISOTZKEY JD, JURTSHUK P, FOX G.E, DEINHARD G and PORALLA K 1992. Comparative sequence analyses on the 16S rRNA (rDNA) of Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus and proposal for creation of a new genus, AlicycloBacillus gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 42, 263-269.

Amphibacillus - Endospore forming, gram positive, simple morphology (rods/cocci). With aerobic and anaeobic growth. Extremophiles, with capacity to withstand heat, or drying, or alkaline or high salt conditions. Type species: AmphiBacillus xylanus Niimura et al. 1990. Reference NIIMURA Y, KOH E., YANAGIDA F, SUZUKI KI, KOMAGATA K and KOZAKI M 1990. AmphiBacillus xylanus gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic sporeforming xylan-digesting bacterium which lacks cytochrome, quinone, and catalase. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 40, 297-301.

Amphibacillus fermentum - Alkaliphilic, saccharolytic, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria resistant to heating and drying and phylogenetically affiliated to the Bacillus lineage, isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from sediments of the alkaline and highly mineralized Lake Magadi. Capable of both anaerobic growth (at the expense of fermentation of glucose and certain mono- and disaccharides with the formation of formate, ethanol, and acetate) and aerobic growth. Among polysaccharides, the strains hydrolyze starch, glycogen, and xylan. Yeast extract or methionine are required for growth. Strict alkaliphiles exhibiting obligate requirement for Na+ and carbonate ions but not for Cl- ion. Growth occurs at a total mineralization as high as 3.3-3.6 M Na+, with an optimum at 1-1.7 M Na+. Grows in a pH range of 7.0-10.5 with an optimum at 8.0-9.5; mesophiles having a growth optimum at 37-38 degrees C. They belong to bacilli with a low G + C content. The G + C contents of the DNA is 41.5 mol%, respectively. Facultatively anaerobic, strictly alkaliphilic, Na(+)-dependent bacilli can be considered representatives of the ecological group adapted to the life at drying-up shores of soda lakes. Because of their independence of NaCl and lack of obligate dependence on sodium carbonates, the isolates are to be assigned to athalassophilic organisms. Type strain, Z-7984T. Reference: Zhilina TN, Garnova ES, Turova TP, Kostrikina NA, Zavarzin GA. 2001. AmphiBacillus fermentum sp. nov., AmphiBacillus tropicus sp. nov.--new alkaliphilic, facultatively anaerobic, saccharolytic Bacilli from Lake Magadi. Mikrobiologiia. 2001 Nov-Dec;70(6):825-37.

Amphibacillus tropicus - Alkaliphilic, saccharolytic, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria resistant to heating and drying; isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from sediments of the alkaline and highly mineralized Lake Magadi. Forms endospores. Capable of both anaerobic growth (at the expense of fermentation of glucose and certain mono- and disaccharides with the formation of formate, ethanol, and acetate) and aerobic growth. Among polysaccharides, the strains hydrolyze starch, glycogen, and xylan. Yeast extract or methionine are required for growth. The strains are strict alkaliphiles exhibiting obligate requirement for Na+ and carbonate ions but not for Cl- ion. Growth occurs at a total mineralization as high as 3.3-3.6 M Na+, with an optimum at 1-1.7 M Na+. An obligate alkaliphile with a pH growth range of 8.5-11.5 and an optimum of 9.5-9.7. Mesophiles having a growth optimum at 37-38 degrees C. They belong to bacilli with a low G + C content. The G + C contents of the DNA is 39.2 mol%, respectively. Facultatively anaerobic, strictly alkaliphilic, Na(+)-dependent bacilli can be considered representatives of the ecological group adapted to the life at drying-up shoars of soda lakes. Because of their independence of NaCl and lack of obligate dependence on sodium carbonates, the isolates are to be assigned to athalassophilic organisms. Type strain, Z-7792T).Reference: Zhilina TN, Garnova ES, Turova TP, Kostrikina NA, Zavarzin GA. 2001. AmphiBacillus fermentum sp. nov., AmphiBacillus tropicus sp. nov.--new alkaliphilic, facultatively anaerobic, saccharolytic Bacilli from Lake Magadi. Mikrobiologiia. 2001 Nov-Dec;70(6):825-37.

Aneurinibacillus - Distinguished on the basis of differences of 16S ribosomal RNA sequence information from Bacillus. SHIDA 0, TAKAGI H, KADOWAKI K and KOMAGATA K. 1996. Proposal for two new genera, BreviBacillus gen. nov. and AneuriniBacillus gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 46, 939-946 with erratum in erratum appears in Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997 47: 248.

Bacillus - Gram-positive bacteria which are ubiquitous in nature (soil, water, and airborne dust). Some species are natural flora in the human intestines. A characteristic of this bacterium is its ability to produce endospores when environmental conditions are stressful. One of about 6 genera of endospore-forming bacteria, the best known is Clostridium. Hundreds of species have been named in Bacillus, but only about 40 are now recognized. Although most species of Bacillus are harmless saprophytes, two species are considered medically significant: B.anthracis and B. cereus. Most species move with flagella attached around the periphery of the cell. There are many ecophysiological groups including extremophiles (acidophiles, alkaliphiles, halophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles) as well as denitrifiers, nitrogen fixers, producers of antiobiotics, pathogens of various kinds of organisms. Includes causative agent of anthrax.

Bacillus agaradhaerens - Described by Nielsen and colleagues in 1995 as an alkaliphilic member of the genus. Reference: Nielsen, P., Fritze, D., & Priest, F.G. (1995). Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic 243 Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species. Microbiology 141, 1745-1761.

Bacillus alcalophilus - From soils, freshwater and sewage. Alkaliphilic and some are thermophilic. A source of alkaline protease enzymes. VEDDER A 1934. Bacillus alcalophilus n. sp.; benevens enkele ervaringen met sterk alcalische voedingsbodems. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology, 1, 141-147.

Bacillus clarkii - Described by Nielsen and colleagues in 1995 as an alkaliphilic member of the genus and probably related to B. agaradhaerens. Reference: Nielsen, P., Fritze, D., & Priest, F.G. (1995). Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic 243 Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species. Microbiology 141, 1745-1761.

Bacillus clausii - An alkalitolerant species of Bacillus. Enzymes from this species are widely used in biotechnological applications.

Bacillus cohnii - Obligate alkaliphiles, oval spores distending the sporangium, and with ornithine and aspartic acid instead of diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. Spanka R. & Fritze, D. 1993. Bacillus cohnii sp. nov., a new, obligately alkaliphilic, oval-spore- forming Bacillus species with ornithine and aspartic acid instead of diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol 43, 150-156,

Bacillus gibsonii - Described by NIELSEN, FRITZE and PRIEST. 1995. Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species. Microbiology, 141, 1745-1761

Bacillus haloalkaliphilus - Haloalkaliphilic gram-positive bacterium, isolated from Lake Gabara in the Wadi Natrun, Egypt, as well as from brine, dried soil, mud and dung samples from the Wadi Natrun. Tolerates up to 4 M NaCl but grows best from 0.5 to 3 M. Additional FRITZE D. 1996. Bacillus haloalkaliphilus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 46, 98-101

Bacillus halodenitrificans - A facultatively anaerobic halotolerant (salt-tolerant) denitrifier. It can obtain energy by reducing nitrate to nitrogen. A broad range of bacteria can carry out this process, but most denitrifying bacteria are Gram-negative, so B. halodenitrificans is somewhat unusual in this respect. Typical of most Bacillus species grown in liquid culture, the cells are highly motile.

Bacillus halodurans - Alkaliphilic bacterium, has been subject to whole genome analysis because of industrial potential. OIt produces alkaliphilic enzymes such as protease (protein degrading enzyme), cellulase (cellulose degrading enzyme) and amylase (starch degrading enzyme). These enzymes are widely used as additives to laundry detergents. Bacillus halodurans also produces keratin decomposing enzyme which devolves keratinous proteins such as hair, nails, and chicken feathers - something that presents a significant disposal problem. Also known as Bacillus alkalophilus subsp. halodurans.

Bacillus horikoshii - Halotolerant and thermotolerant species preferring slightly alkaline conditions. Described by NIELSEN, FRITZE, and PRIEST. 1995. Phenetic diversity of alkaliphilic Bacillus strains: proposal for nine new species. Microbiology, 141, 1745-1761.

Bacillus insolitus - Psychroiphilic (cold-loving) bacterium that occurs in soil, water and also isolated from frozen food. described by LARKIN and STOKES. 1967. Taxonomy of psychrophilic strains of Bacillus. Journal of Bacteriology, 94, 889-895.]

Bacillus macerans - This species is used in the retting of flax - a stage that helps to isolate the filaments that will form linen threads. It is gram-variable with ellipsoidal, central or subterminal spores and swollen sporangia. Mostly associated with food and vegetables, but has also been associated with infections associated with wounds in people. Also known as PaeniBacillus macerans. Described by: SCHARDINGER, 1905. Bacillus macerans, ein Aceton bildender RotteBacillus. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Abteilung II, 14, 772-781.

Bacillus pallidus - See GeoBacillus pallidus - BANAT, MARCHANT and RAHMAN. 2004. GeoBacillus debilis sp. nov., a novel obligately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a cool soil environment, and reassignment of Bacillus pallidus to GeoBacillus pallidus comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 54, 2197-2201.

Bacillus pantothenticus - See VirgiBacillus pantothenticus.

Bacillus sonorensis - Original description reads: Bacillus sonorensis (so.no.ren«sis. N.L. adj. sonorensis of the Sonoran, named after the Sonoran Desert, where the organism was collected). Vegetative cells are rod-shaped and are 1±0 microns wide by 2±5 microns long, as determined by measurements of photomicrographs. Cells often occur singly but a few chains of two to four cells are also seen. Grampositive, motile, catalase-positive, acultatively anaerobic. Colonies on TBAB agar are a yellowish-cream colour, form mounds or lobes of amorphous slime and are approximately 2±4 mm in diameter after 2 d at 30 degrees C. Colonies are bright yellow on pH 5±6 agar, brown on tyrosine agar and pale yellowish-cream on glycerol}glutamate agar. Spores are formed in unswollen sporangia and are slightly less than 1±0 lm wide and 1±5±2±0 lmlong. They are ellipsoidal in shape and their position within the sporangia appears to be generally subterminal. The maximum growth temperature is about 55 degrees C and the minimum is about 15 degrees C. Growth occurs at pH 5±7. Growth occurs in 3% NaCl but not in 5, 7 or 10%NaCl.Growth is inhibited in 0±001% lysozyme. Acid is produced from glucose, arabinose, xylose and mannitol. The Voges±Proskauer reaction is positive and the pH after 2 d at 28 degrees C ranges from 5±1 to 6±6. The egg yolk reaction is negative. Hydrolyses starch and decomposes casein. Citrate and propionate are utilized. Reduces nitrate to nitrite. Tyrosine is not degraded. All of the characteristics described above are identical to those of B. licheniformis with these exceptions: growth of the B. licheniformis type strain occurs in 5, 7 and 10%NaCl; colonies of B. licheniformis are cream coloured on pH 5±6 and tyrosine agar and reddish-brown on glycerol}glutamate agar. The thermal denaturation temperature for DNA of the type strain ofB. sonorensis is 88±1 degrees C and the GC content determined from this value is 46 mol%, which does not distinguish this species from B. liheniformis. A number of traits can be used to distinguish B. sonorensis from B. licheniformis. Diagnostic phenotypic traits include pigmentation when cells are grown on tyrosine agar, pH 5±6 agar and glycerol}glutamate agar and differences in growth in 5, 7 and 10%NaCl. Distinguishing genetic traits include DNA±DNA reassociation values, sequences of secY, rpoB and 16S rRNA genes and enzyme electrophoresis analysis of ten loci. Isolated from desert soil. The type strain is L87-10T, which has been deposited in the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection as strain NRRL B-23154T and in the DSMZ as strain DSM 13779T.

Bacillus thermoleovorans - See GeoBacillus thermoleovorans

Bacillus vedderi - Alkaliphilic, isolated from bauxite waste (Agnew et al., 1995. Isolation and characterisation of novel alkaliphiles from bauxite-processing waste and description of Bacillus vedderi sp. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 18: 221-230.

Brevibacillus - Genus raised to include species previously assigned to Bacillus. With about a dozen species, some pathogenic. The type species is BreviBacillus brevis (Migula 1900) described by SHIDA, TAKAGI, KADOWAKI and KOMAGATA, 1996. Proposal for two new genera, BreviBacillus gen. nov. and AneuriniBacillus gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 46, 939-946.

Brevibacillus laterosporus - Previously Bacillus laterosporus, an aerobic spore-forming bacterium characterized by its ability to produce a canoe-shaped lamellar parasporal inclusion adjacent to the spore. Some strains produce crystalline inclusions of various shapes and sizes, which are released separately from spores during lysis of the sporangium. It has the potential to be used as a biological control agent with a very wide spectrum of biological activities - including snails, nematodes and insects

Clostridiaceae - Gram positive bacteria (firmicutes) that like Bacillus and allies have a low G+C content. Taxonomy within the group not yet stable.

Gracilibacillus - This genus erected to accommodate species previously assigned to Bacillus, but differing from core Bacillus taxa in sequence characteristics and physiology. described by Waino M, Tindall BJ, Schumann P, Ingvorsen K. 1999. GraciliBacillus gen. nov., with description of GraciliBacillus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov.; transfer of Bacillus dipsosauri to GraciliBacillus dipsosauri comb. nov., and Bacillus salexigens to the genus SaliBacillus gen. nov., as SaliBacillus salexigens comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999 Apr;49 Pt 2:821-31.

Halobacillus - The genus HaloBacillus is clearly differentiated from other related genera in the cell-wall peptidoglycan type; members of the genus have peptidoglycan based on L-orn€“D-Asp, whereas other related genera contain meso-diaminopimelic acid or L-lysine at position 3 of the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The genus HaloBacillus was proposed with two novel species, HaloBacillus litoralis and HaloBacillus trueperi, as well as Sporosarcina halophila, which was transferred to the genus as HaloBacillus halophilus.

Parablepharisma - Heterotrich ciliates, paroral cilia arising from short length of dikinetids next to oral cavity; with short, Bacillus-type bacteria attached flat to somatic surface

Sporosarcina pasteurii - This used to be called Bacillus pasteurii but was moved by Yoon, Lee, Weiss, Kho, Kang and Park (2001) Sporosarcina aquimarina sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from seawater in Korea, and transfer of Bacillus globisporus (Larkin and Stokes 1967), Bacillus psychrophilus (Nakamura 1984) and Bacillus pasteurii (Chester 1898) to the genus Sporosarcina as Sporosarcina globispora comb. nov., Sporosarcina psychrophila comb. nov. and Sporosarcina pasteurii comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Sporosarcina. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Vol 51, 1079-1086. Converts urea to ammonium carbonate more actively than any known bacterium. Requires alkaline medium (pH 9) for growth. Isolated from soil, water, sewage and encrustations on urinals.

Virgibacillus - Genus created for Bacillus pantothenticus. Cells are motile, Gram-positive rods (0·3€“0·7x2€“6 microns) that occur singly, in pairs or short chains or filaments. They bear oval to ellipsoidal endospores that lie in swollen sporangia. Colonies are small, circular, low-convex and slightly transparent to opaque. Members of the genus are catalase-positive. In the API 20E strip and in conventional tests, the Voges€“Proskauer reaction is negative, indole is not produced, citrate is usually not used and nitrate reduction to nitrite is variable. Urease and hydrogen sulphide are usually not produced. Gelatin, aesculin and casein are usually hydrolysed. Growth is stimulated by 4€“10 % NaCl. Growth may occur between 5 and 50 degrees C, with an optimum of about 28 or 37 degrees C. D-Raffinose and D-melibiose can be used as sole carbon sources; no growth on D-arabinose, D-fructose or D-xylose. The different members of the genus show a wide range of activities in routine phenotypic tests, and this may reflect undiscovered requirements for growth factors and/or special environmental conditions. The major fatty acid is anteiso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol. Five phospholipids and one polar lipid of unknown structure are present in all species of the genus. Presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and other lipids is variable. The main menaquinone type is MK-7, with minor to trace amounts of MK-6 and MK-8. In the species tested, the cell wall contains peptidoglycan of the meso-diaminopimelic acid type. The G+C content is in the range 36€“43 mol%. The type species is VirgiBacillus pantothenticus. Taxa related to this genus have been islolated from Permian sediments that are over 250,000,000 years old. Heyndrickx M, Lebbe L, Kersters K, De Vos P, Forsyth G, Logan NA (1998) VirgiBacillus: a new genus to accommodate Bacillus pantothenticus(Proom and Knight 1950). Emended description of VirgiBacillus pantothenticus. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:99€“106.

Virgibacillus pantothenticus - Type species of VirgiBacillus and halophilic. Cells are motile, Gram-positive, usually long, rods (0.5 - 0.7 by 2-8 microns) which sometimes, especially in older cultures, form chains and or filaments. They bear spherical to ellipsoidal endospores which lie in terminal, sometimes subterminal, positions in swollen sporangia. After 2 days on TSA colonies are 1 - 4 mm in diameter, low convex, circular and slightly irregular, butyrous (sometimes slightly tenacious when cells form filaments), creamy-grey and almost opaque with an eggshell or glossy appearance. After 4 days colonies smell of ammonia and are 5 - 10 mm in diameter with lobed and or fimbriate margins. Organisms are facultatively anaerobic and catalase-positive. They have a nutritional requirement for pantothenic acid, thiamin, biotin and amino acids. The Voges Proskauer reaction is negative. Hydrogen sulphide is usually not produced, but a few strains give weak positive reactions in the API 20E strip; a few strains also give positive reactions for arginine dihydrolase, citrate utilization, and o-nitrophenyl b-d-galactoside in the API 20E strip. Indole is not produced. Nitrate reduction to nitrite is variable. Hydrolysis of aesculin and of casein positive; hydrolysis of gelatin usually positive. Growth is stimulated by 4% NaCl and not inhibited by 10% NaCl. Growth may occur between 15 and 50 degrees C, with an optimum of about 37 degrees C.

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Bacillus - Bacillus (bah-sill-us) small motile coccoid bacterium identified by molecular techniques, common contaminant arising from isolates taken from the thermal site, Dragon Spring. Some cells with endospores. Phase contrast. Material from Dragon Springs, a thermal site within Yellowstone Park, photograph by Jessie Cristiansen and David Patterson.

Bordetella pertussis - Bordetella pertussis causeswhooping cough (pertussis). B. pertussis is a very small Gram-negative aerobic coccoBacillus that appears singly or in pairs. Bordetella pertussis colonizes the cilia of the mammalian respiratory epithelium. The bacterium is a pathogen for humans and possibly for higher primates, and no other reservoir is known. Whooping cough is a relatively mild disease in adults but has a significant mortality rate in infants. Until immunization was introduced in the 1930s, whooping cough was one of the most frequent and severe diseases of infants in the United States. The disease pertussis has two stages. The first stage, colonization, is an upper respiratory disease with fever, malaise and coughing, which increases in intensity over about a 10-day period. During this stage the organism can be recovered in large numbers from pharyngeal cultures, and the severity and duration of the disease can be reduced by antimicrobial treatment. For more information on these stuffed microbes, contact GIANTmicrobes.

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Bacillus,

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